Space accidents and incidents

Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates 73 seconds after launch, due to hot gases escaping the SRBs leading to structural failure of the external tank. The accident resulted in the death of all seven crewmembers.

Space accidents, either during operations or training for spaceflights, have killed 22 astronauts and cosmonauts (five percent of all people who have been in space, two percent of individual spaceflights[1]) and a larger number of people on the ground.

This article provides an overview of all known fatalities and near-fatalities that occurred during manned space missions, accidents during astronaut training and during the testing, assembling or preparing for flight of manned and unmanned spacecraft. Not included are fatalities occurring during intercontinental ballistic missile accidents, and Soviet or German rocket-fighter projects of World War II. Also not included are alleged unreported Soviet space accidents that are not believed by mainstream historians to have occurred.

Contents

Spaceflight fatalities

(In the statistics below, "astronaut" is applied to all space travellers to avoid the use of "astronaut/cosmonaut".)

The history of space exploration has had a number of tragedies that resulted in the deaths of the astronauts or ground crew. As of 2007, in-flight accidents have killed 18 astronauts, training accidents have claimed 11 astronauts, and launchpad accidents have killed at least 71 ground personnel.

About two percent of the manned launch/reentry attempts have killed their crew, with Soyuz and the Shuttle having almost the same death percentage rates. Except for the X-15 (which is a suborbital rocket plane), other launchers have not launched sufficiently often for reasonable safety comparisons to be made.

About five percent of the people that have been launched have died doing so (because astronauts often launch more than once). As of November 2004, 439 individuals have flown on spaceflights: Russia/Soviet Union (96), USA (277), others (66). Twenty-two have died while in a spacecraft: three on Apollo 1, one on Soyuz 1, one on X-15-3, three on Soyuz 11, seven on Challenger, and seven on Columbia. By space program, 18 NASA astronauts (4.1%) and four Russian cosmonauts (0.9% of all the people launched) died while in a spacecraft.

Soyuz accidents have claimed the lives of four cosmonauts. No deaths have occurred on Soyuz missions since 1971, and none with the current design of the Soyuz. Including the early Soyuz design, the average deaths per launched crew member on Soyuz are currently under two percent. However, there have also been several serious injuries, and some other incidents in which crews nearly died.

NASA astronauts who have lost their lives in the line of duty are memorialized at the Space Mirror Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Merritt Island, Florida. Cosmonauts who have died in the line of duty under the auspices of the Soviet Union were generally honored by burial at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow. It is unknown whether this remains tradition for Russia, since the Kremlin Wall Necropolis was largely a Communist honor and no cosmonauts have died in action since the Soviet Union fell.

There have been four fatal in-flight accidents on missions which were considered spaceflights under the internationally accepted definition of the term, plus one on the ground during rehearsal of a planned flight. In each case all crew were killed. To date, there has never been an incident where an individual member of a multi-member crew has died during (or while rehearsing) a mission.

There has also been a single accident on a flight which was considered a spaceflight by those involved in conducting it, but not under the internationally accepted definition:

Near-fatalities

Apart from actual disasters, a number of missions resulted in some very near misses and also some training accidents that nearly resulted in deaths. In-flight near misses have included various reentry mishaps (in particular on Soyuz 5), the sinking of the Mercury 4 capsule, and the Voskhod 2 crew spending a night in dense forest surrounded by wolves.

Training accidents

Test pilot Stuart Present ejects safely from the Lunar Landing Training Vehicle. Neil Armstrong also made such an ejection. (NASA)

In addition to accidents during spaceflights, astronauts have experienced accidents during training.

Fatal accidents with ground crew and civilian fatalities

Date Place Death(s) Kind of disaster
May 17, 1930 Berlin, Germany 1 Max Valier killed by rocket engine explosion
October 10, 1933 Germany 3 Explosion in rocket manufacturing room of Tiling
July 16, 1934 Kummersdorf, Germany 3 Ground test engine explosion
1944? Tuchola Forest, German-occupied Poland 7 An A4-rocket crashes at a test launch in a trench. Several soldiers who were in the trench were killed.
1945 Grabów nad Prosną, German-occupied Poland 2 A test V-2 rocket fired from Wierzchucin crashed on the house in the village of Dzięcioły, near Grabów nad Prosną, killing two people inside - Władysława and Franciszek Desek, and injuring their two children.
Oct 24, 1960 Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan 120? The Nedelin catastrophe
April 14, 1964 Cape Canaveral, USA 3 Delta rocket ignited in assembly room, killing 3 technicians and injuring 9 others. The ignition was caused by a spark of static electricity
May 7, 1964 Braunlage, West Germany 3 Mail rocket built by Gerhard Zucker exploded and debris hit crowd of spectators
June 26, 1973 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, USSR 9 Launch explosion of Kosmos-3M rocket
March 18, 1980 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, USSR 48 Explosion while fueling up a Vostok-2M rocket
March 19, 1981 Cape Canaveral, USA 2 Anoxia while in the aft engine compartment of Columbia during preparations for STS-1[9]
January 26, 1995 Xichang, China 6+ Long March rocket veered off course after launch [2]
May 5, 1995 Guiana Space Centre, French Guyana 2 Anoxia; Luc Celle and Jean-Claude Dhainaut died during an inspection in the umbilical mast of the launchpad
February 15, 1996 Xichang, China 56-200 Intelsat 708 Satellite. Long March rocket veered off course 2 seconds after launch, crashing in the nearby village and destroying 80 houses, according to the official Chinese count, killing 56 people, but with U.S. defense intelligence officials estimating 200 dead.
October 1, 2001 Cape Canaveral, USA 1 Crane operator Bill Brooks was killed in an industrial accident at Launch Complex 37
October 15, 2002 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia 1 A Soyuz-U exploded 29 seconds after launch, killing a soldier, Ivan Marchenko, and injuring 8 others. Fragments of the rocket started a forest fire nearby, and a Block D strap-on booster caused damage to the launchpad
August 22, 2003 Alcântara, Brazil 21 Explosion of an unmanned rocket during launch preparations (see Brazilian rocket explosion)
July 26, 2007 Mojave Spaceport, California 3 Explosion during a test of rocket systems by Scaled Composites during a nitrous oxide injector test[10]

See also

References

  1. [1]
  2. Check-Six.com - The Crash of X-15A-3
  3. NASA's official report (REPORT OF APOLLO 13 REVIEW BOARD) does not use the word "explosion" in describing the tank failure. Rupture disks and other safety measures were present to prevent a catastrophic explosion, and analysis of pressure readings and subsequent ground-testing determined that these safety measures worked as designed. See findings 26 and 27 on page 195 (5-22) of the NASA report.
  4. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts_mes.html#mes_ascent
  5. Russia probes Soyuz capsule's perilous re-entry, CNN', April 23, 2008
  6. Eckel, Mike, Russian news agency says Soyuz crew was in danger on descent, Associated Press, April 23, 2008
  7. Morring, Frank, NASA Urges Caution On Soyuz Reports, Aviation Week & Space Technology, April 23, 2008
  8. Check-Six.com - The 1971 Crash of Gene Cernan's Helo
  9. NASA - 1981 KSC Chronology Part 1 - pages 84, 85, 100; Part 2 - pages 181, 194, 195,
  10. Walker, Peter, "Three die in Branson's space tourism tests", Guardian Unlimited, July 27, 2007

External links